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GNDU Question Paper-2023
Bachelor of Commerce
(B.Com) 5
th
Semester
E-COMMERCE
Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 50
Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The
Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. Distinguish between E-commerce and Traditional commerce.
2. Discuss the various Challenges and Limitations of E-commerce.
SECTION-B
3. Explain in detail the Business to Customers and Business to Government models of E-
commerce.
4. Discuss the various influencing factors of successful E-commerce.
SECTION-C
5. Write a detailed note on components of website.
6. Discuss the detail the Models of Internet Advertising.
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SECTION-D
7. What do you mean by Biometrics? Explain its types.
8. Discuss in detail the Regulatory framework of E-commerce.
GNDU Answer Paper-2023
Bachelor of Commerce
(B.Com) 5
th
Semester
E-COMMERCE
Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 50
Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The
Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. Distinguish between E-commerce and Traditional commerce.
Ans: Meaning of the Two
• Traditional Commerce: The conventional method of trade where goods and services
are exchanged in person, usually in a physical marketplace or store. It relies on direct
interaction between buyer and seller.
• E-Commerce: Short for “Electronic Commerce,” it’s the buying and selling of goods
and services over the internet through websites, mobile apps, or other digital
platforms.
Key Differences Between E-Commerce and Traditional Commerce
We’ll walk through each difference like comparing two parallel streets in our “marketplace”
— one physical, one digital.
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1. Mode of Interaction
• Traditional Commerce: Interaction is face-to-face. You can see the seller, touch the
product, and ask questions in real time.
• E-Commerce: Interaction is virtual. Communication happens via chat, email, or
phone. Product details are shown through images, videos, and descriptions.
Example: In a jewellery store, you can try on a necklace before buying. Online, you rely on
photos, videos, and customer reviews.
2. Location and Reach
• Traditional Commerce: Limited to a specific geographic area. Your customers are
usually local or from nearby regions.
• E-Commerce: Global reach. A seller in Amritsar can sell to someone in New York
without opening a physical store there.
3. Operating Hours
• Traditional Commerce: Bound by store timings — maybe 10 a.m. to 8 p.m.
• E-Commerce: Open 24×7. Customers can shop at midnight or early morning.
4. Product Inspection
• Traditional Commerce: Customers can physically inspect, touch, and test products
before buying.
• E-Commerce: Physical inspection isn’t possible before purchase; customers rely on
descriptions, images, and return policies.
5. Cost of Setup
• Traditional Commerce: Requires investment in physical space, interiors, utilities, and
staff.
• E-Commerce: Requires investment in a website/app, digital marketing, and logistics
— often lower than maintaining a physical store.
6. Payment Methods
• Traditional Commerce: Primarily cash, though cards and digital payments are now
common.
• E-Commerce: Digital payments dominate — credit/debit cards, UPI, wallets, net
banking, and sometimes Cash on Delivery.
7. Marketing Approach
• Traditional Commerce: Relies on local advertising — flyers, billboards,
word-of-mouth.
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• E-Commerce: Uses digital marketing — SEO, social media ads, influencer marketing,
email campaigns.
8. Delivery of Goods
• Traditional Commerce: Immediate — you take the product home after purchase.
• E-Commerce: Delayed — goods are shipped and delivered later, though same-day
delivery is becoming common.
9. Customer Base
• Traditional Commerce: Limited to walk-in customers and local community.
• E-Commerce: Potentially unlimited — anyone with internet access can be a
customer.
10. Trust Building
• Traditional Commerce: Built through personal relationships and in-person service.
• E-Commerce: Built through secure transactions, customer reviews, brand reputation,
and return policies.
Tabular Summary
Basis of Difference
Traditional Commerce
E-Commerce
Interaction
Face-to-face
Virtual/online
Reach
Local/regional
Global
Operating Hours
Fixed store timings
24×7
Product Inspection
Physical before buying
Only after delivery
Setup Cost
High (physical store)
Lower (digital setup)
Payment
Cash, cards
Digital payments, COD
Marketing
Local ads, word-of-mouth
Digital marketing
Delivery
Immediate
Time-lagged
Customer Base
Limited
Unlimited
Trust
Personal relationships
Reviews, secure systems
Advantages and Limitations
Traditional Commerce
Advantages:
• Personal touch and trust.
• Immediate product possession.
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• Physical inspection possible.
Limitations:
• Limited reach.
• Higher overhead costs.
• Restricted to business hours.
E-Commerce
Advantages:
• Wider reach.
• Lower setup costs.
• Convenience of shopping anytime.
Limitations:
• No physical inspection before purchase.
• Dependence on internet and technology.
• Delivery delays possible.
A Story to Tie It Together
Meet Ravi and Meera. Ravi runs a small bookstore in his city. His customers love chatting
with him, getting personalised recommendations, and walking out with a book in hand.
That’s the charm of traditional commerce — relationships, instant gratification, and
tangible experiences.
Meera sells handmade candles. She started with a stall at local fairs but then opened an
online store. Now she ships candles to customers in five countries. That’s the power of
E-Commerce — breaking boundaries, reaching new markets, and running a shop that never
closes.
Both are successful because they understand their strengths. Ravi thrives on personal
connections; Meera thrives on global reach.
Conclusion
E-Commerce and Traditional Commerce are like two different roads leading to the same
destination — the exchange of goods and services.
• Traditional commerce offers personal interaction, immediate delivery, and trust
built face-to-face.
• E-Commerce offers convenience, global reach, and round-the-clock availability.
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In today’s world, many businesses blend both — a physical store for local customers and an
online presence for the wider world. The smartest merchants know it’s not about choosing
one over the other, but about using each where it shines brightest.
2. Discuss the various Challenges and Limitations of E-commerce.
Ans: Challenges and Limitations of E-Commerce
Imagine this: one evening, Riya, a college student, is scrolling through her phone. She sees a
pair of shoes online—stylish, affordable, and just a click away. With excitement, she places
her order. Days later, the shoes arrive, but to her disappointment, they’re slightly different
in colour, and the size feels odd. She calls customer care, but the waiting music tests her
patience. Frustrated, she realizes that shopping online isn’t always the smooth, magical
experience it promises to be.
This small story of Riya reflects the bigger picture of e-commerce: it brings convenience and
opportunities, but it also faces challenges and limitations that both customers and
businesses encounter. Let’s walk through these challenges one by one, almost like opening
chapters in the story of e-commerce.
1. Trust and Security Issues
When people hand over their hard-earned money online, they want to feel safe. But many
hesitate: “What if my money is taken and the product never arrives?” or “What if my card
details get stolen?”
• Cyber frauds, phishing, and hacking are real threats.
• Small businesses may lack strong encryption systems, making transactions unsafe.
• Customers often doubt whether the seller is genuine or a scammer hiding behind a
fancy website.
Trust is the foundation of trade. Without trust, even the best-looking e-commerce platform
struggles.
2. Quality Concerns and Product Mismatch
Have you ever seen the popular meme: “What I ordered vs. What I got”? This perfectly sums
up another major challenge.
• Unlike physical shops, online buyers cannot touch, try, or test the product.
• Photos may look glamorous, but reality sometimes feels disappointing.
• Returning products is not always smooth, leading to dissatisfaction.
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This mismatch in expectations vs. reality often discourages first-time buyers from returning.
3. Delivery Delays and Logistics Problems
Suppose a customer orders a dress for a wedding, but the parcel arrives the day after the
event. The whole purpose is lost.
• Logistics—packing, shipping, and timely delivery—is a backbone of e-commerce.
• In remote or rural areas, timely delivery becomes a nightmare.
• Even in big cities, issues like courier strikes, traffic congestion, or natural calamities
cause delays.
Speed and reliability are what customers expect, but maintaining them consistently is a
huge challenge.
4. High Competition and Price Wars
The internet is a vast marketplace where every shop is just a click away. For businesses, this
creates a survival challenge.
• Thousands of sellers may offer the same product, often leading to unhealthy price
wars.
• Small sellers struggle to compete with giants like Amazon or Flipkart, who offer
massive discounts.
• Profit margins shrink, making sustainability difficult.
While customers enjoy cheap prices, many businesses silently suffer.
5. Dependence on Technology
Imagine if the internet crashes for a few hours or if a website’s server goes down during a
festive sale. Chaos, right?
• E-commerce heavily depends on stable internet, good website infrastructure, and
secure payment gateways.
• A single technical glitch can make thousands of customers angry.
• In rural areas, poor internet connectivity still limits access to online shopping.
Unlike a physical shop that can still sell during a power cut, e-commerce collapses without
technology.
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6. Legal and Tax Issues
E-commerce is not just about buying and selling—it involves rules, policies, and taxes too.
• Different countries (and even states) have varied laws on digital trade, consumer
rights, and taxes.
• A seller shipping globally faces challenges in complying with all these rules.
• Issues like fake reviews, counterfeit products, and violation of intellectual property
rights add more complications.
In short, the legal landscape is like a maze where businesses need to walk carefully.
7. Lack of Personal Touch
Remember how shopkeepers in local markets smile, suggest items, or offer small discounts?
That human connection is missing in e-commerce.
• Online shopping feels mechanical: click, pay, wait.
• Many customers miss the joy of bargaining or friendly advice from sellers.
• The lack of personalized service sometimes makes customers feel like “just another
order ID.”
Though AI chatbots and recommendation systems try to bridge this gap, they still cannot
fully replace the warmth of human interaction.
8. Return, Refund, and After-Sales Issues
One of the trickiest parts of e-commerce is handling returns.
• Customers may find the process complicated or time-consuming.
• Some sellers resist refunds or delay them unnecessarily.
• Fraudulent returns (where buyers misuse return policies) also hurt sellers.
Managing returns fairly, while keeping both buyer and seller happy, is a constant struggle.
9. Digital Divide and Accessibility
Not everyone is part of the digital revolution.
• Many elderly people or those with less education find online platforms confusing.
• People in rural or backward areas may not have smartphones, internet access, or
digital payment knowledge.
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• This digital divide prevents e-commerce from reaching its full potential.
So while urban youth enjoy one-day deliveries, many others remain untouched by e-
commerce benefits.
10. Cultural and Language Barriers
India alone has 22 official languages, and the world has thousands more. For e-commerce
platforms:
• Reaching customers in their local language is a challenge.
• Some cultures prefer physical shopping due to traditions or distrust of online
systems.
• Global sellers often struggle to adapt to different buying habits and cultural
sensitivities.
Thus, one-size-fits-all rarely works in e-commerce.
11. Environmental Concerns
Think about the packaging of every online order: plastic wraps, cardboard boxes, bubble
sheets. Multiply this by millions of daily deliveries—it’s a mountain of waste!
• E-commerce indirectly contributes to environmental problems like excess packaging
and fuel emissions from deliveries.
• While businesses are trying eco-friendly packaging, balancing cost and environment
is not easy.
This “hidden cost” of convenience is another limitation of e-commerce.
12. Psychological Factors
Interestingly, many people enjoy the physical act of shopping—walking in malls, touching
fabrics, tasting samples, and experiencing the atmosphere.
• Online shopping cannot replicate these sensory experiences.
• For some, buying online feels less satisfying because they miss the thrill of real-world
shopping.
This human psychology is another subtle limitation.
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Wrapping It All Together
If we look closely, e-commerce is like a fast-moving train. It brings speed, comfort, and
modernity, but along the way, it also carries baggage of challenges—from security concerns
and delivery issues to lack of trust and environmental impact.
For customers, the main struggles are:
• Trusting sellers
• Product mismatch
• Complicated returns
• Delivery delays
For businesses, the challenges include:
• High competition
• Legal hurdles
• Dependence on technology
• Managing logistics and frauds
And for society as a whole, issues like digital divide, cultural barriers, and environmental
concerns play a big role.
Conclusion
E-commerce is undoubtedly a revolution that has reshaped how we shop, work, and even
think about business. But just like every coin has two sides, it too comes with challenges
that cannot be ignored. Overcoming these limitations requires better technology, stronger
laws, improved customer service, eco-friendly practices, and most importantly, trust-
building.
So next time Riya—or any of us—clicks the “Buy Now” button, the hope is not just for a
smooth delivery but also for an experience that feels safe, reliable, and human-friendly.
SECTION-B
3. Explain in detail the Business to Customers and Business to Government models of E-
commerce.
Ans: 🌟 A Fresh Beginning: Two Different Marketplaces
Imagine for a moment that the world of e-commerce is like a giant city filled with different
kinds of marketplaces. In one corner, you see a vibrant bazaar full of shoppers—families,
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students, office-goers—all buying clothes, gadgets, books, or food with just a click. This
lively market is called the B2C (Business to Customer) marketplace.
Now, walk a little further into this city and you’ll see something different. Here, the stalls are
not selling directly to individuals but to government departments—defense, railways,
education, healthcare, and so on. The products may be huge quantities of computers,
medical supplies, or even software for data security. This quieter but equally important
market is the B2G (Business to Government) marketplace.
Both these markets run under the umbrella of e-commerce, but the way they function, their
goals, and their style of operation are quite different. Let’s explore both step by step.
🛒 Business to Customer (B2C) E-Commerce
Think of B2C as the most familiar face of e-commerce. Every time you order a pizza online,
buy shoes from Amazon, or subscribe to Netflix, you are participating in a B2C transaction.
1. Who is involved?
• Business (Seller): Companies or online stores that offer goods or services.
• Customer (Buyer): Ordinary individuals like you and me who buy for personal use,
not resale.
2. How does it work?
The business lists its products or services on a digital platform (website or app). The
customer browses, compares, adds to cart, makes payment, and the product or service is
delivered—sometimes digitally (like music or movies), sometimes physically (like clothes or
electronics).
3. Types of B2C models
B2C has multiple flavors, just like ice cream:
• Direct Sellers: Companies like Nike or Dell selling straight to customers via their
websites.
• Online Intermediaries: Platforms like Amazon, Flipkart, or Myntra that connect
multiple sellers to buyers.
• Advertising-Based Models: Websites like YouTube or news portals that give free
content but earn money through ads.
• Subscription Models: Netflix, Spotify, or Hotstar where you pay monthly or yearly
fees.
• Fee-Based Models: Some platforms charge per service, like online learning courses.
4. Advantages of B2C
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• Convenience: Shop 24/7 from anywhere.
• Variety: Thousands of products and brands in one place.
• Better Prices: Discounts, sales, and offers attract customers.
• Personalization: Recommendations based on browsing history.
5. Challenges of B2C
• High Competition: Every business fights for customer attention.
• Trust Issues: Customers worry about fraud, fake products, or late deliveries.
• Customer Retention: It’s hard to make people loyal in a world full of alternatives.
👉 In short, B2C is about speed, satisfaction, and building relationships with millions of
customers individually.
🏛 Business to Government (B2G) E-Commerce
Now let’s move to the other marketplace: B2G. It’s less flashy than B2C but far more
structured and formal. Here, businesses are not selling one item at a time but signing big
contracts with government bodies.
1. Who is involved?
• Business (Seller): Companies offering products or services like software firms,
defense equipment suppliers, or construction companies.
• Government (Buyer): Local, state, or central government departments, agencies, or
public institutions.
2. How does it work?
Governments usually announce what they need—through tenders or procurement portals.
For example, a state government might need 1,000 laptops for schools. Businesses submit
their proposals, and the government selects the most suitable one (considering price,
quality, and reliability). The transaction happens digitally via official platforms like
Government e-Marketplace (GeM) in India.
3. Types of B2G models
• Procurement of Goods: Buying physical items like medical supplies, furniture, or
vehicles.
• Technology and Services: Software development, data management systems, cloud
services.
• Infrastructure Projects: Construction of roads, railways, smart cities.
• Consultancy and Training: Businesses offering expertise to improve government
efficiency.
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4. Advantages of B2G
• Transparency: Most processes are online and follow clear rules.
• Large-Scale Opportunities: Contracts are often worth millions.
• Stable Payments: Since the buyer is the government, there’s less risk of fraud.
• Long-Term Relationships: Businesses can keep working with the government once
trust is built.
5. Challenges of B2G
• Strict Regulations: Businesses must follow legal and bureaucratic procedures.
• Competition: Many firms compete for the same tender.
• Lengthy Process: Government approvals take time.
• High Standards: Products and services must meet strict quality requirements.
👉 In simple terms, B2G is about big deals, long processes, and serving the public
indirectly through the government.
🎭 Comparing B2C and B2G
To make it crystal clear, let’s put them side by side like characters in a play:
Feature
B2C (Business to Customer)
B2G (Business to Government)
Target
Audience
Individual customers
Government departments
Volume of
Sale
Usually small per
transaction
Bulk or large-scale contracts
Decision
Making
Quick, emotional, and price-
driven
Slow, formal, and rule-based
Examples
Flipkart, Amazon, Netflix
Government e-Marketplace (GeM),
defense suppliers
Key Focus
Customer experience &
loyalty
Compliance, reliability, and quality
🌍 Real-Life Examples
• B2C Example: A student orders books from Amazon. The business makes profit from
thousands of such small sales daily.
• B2G Example: Infosys or TCS provides digital services to government departments
for projects like Aadhaar or railway ticketing systems. Here, the deal is huge but with
one customer: the government.
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✨ Wrapping It All Up
So, if e-commerce is a grand city, B2C is like a bustling shopping mall where businesses try to
win the hearts of everyday people with discounts, convenience, and personalized service.
B2G, on the other hand, is like a government office where businesses carefully present their
proposals, follow strict rules, and aim to secure long-term, large-scale contracts.
Both models are crucial:
• B2C drives daily commerce and shapes consumer lifestyle.
• B2G ensures governments get the tools and services they need to run a country
efficiently.
Understanding these two models is like understanding two different languages of trade—
one emotional and fast-paced (B2C), the other formal and rule-bound (B2G). Together, they
show us how versatile and powerful e-commerce has become in today’s digital world.
4. Discuss the various influencing factors of successful E-commerce.
Ans: 1. A Clear Business Strategy — The City’s Master Plan
Every successful E-Commerce business starts with a clear vision:
• Who are we selling to?
• What problem are we solving?
• How will we stand out from competitors?
Without this, it’s like building roads without knowing where they lead. A well-defined
strategy guides product selection, pricing, marketing, and customer service.
Example: Amazon began with books but had a clear long-term goal — to be “the everything
store.” That vision shaped every decision.
2. User-Friendly Website or App — The City’s Roads and Signboards
If your website is slow, cluttered, or confusing, customers will “turn back” just like drivers
avoiding a jammed road.
Key elements:
• Simple navigation.
• Fast loading speed.
• Mobile-friendly design.
• Clear product categories and search.
Tip: A customer should be able to find and buy a product in three clicks or less.
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3. Trust and Security — The City’s Police Force
In E-Commerce, trust is everything. Customers can’t see you in person, so they need
assurance that:
• Their payment details are safe.
• The product will arrive as promised.
• Returns and refunds are fair.
How to build it:
• Use secure payment gateways (SSL encryption).
• Display trust badges and verified reviews.
• Have clear return and privacy policies.
Example: Flipkart’s early “No Questions Asked” return policy helped it win trust in India.
4. Reliable Logistics and Delivery — The City’s Transport System
Even if your shop is perfect, poor delivery can ruin the experience.
What works:
• Partner with dependable courier services.
• Offer multiple delivery options (same-day, next-day, standard).
• Provide real-time tracking.
Note: In India, improved logistics in Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities has fuelled massive E-Commerce
growth.
5. Competitive Pricing and Value — The City’s Market Rates
Online shoppers compare prices in seconds. If your prices are too high without extra value,
they’ll click away.
Ways to stay competitive:
• Use dynamic pricing tools.
• Offer bundled deals and discounts.
• Create loyalty programs.
Example: Myntra’s “End of Reason” sales attract huge traffic and clear inventory.
6. Product Quality and Variety — The City’s Goods
Your products are your reputation. One bad experience can lead to negative reviews that
spread fast.
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Checklist:
• Source from reliable suppliers.
• Maintain consistent quality.
• Offer variety to cater to different tastes and budgets.
7. Effective Digital Marketing — The City’s Billboards
Even the best shop will stay empty if no one knows it exists.
Channels to use:
• Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) for organic traffic.
• Social media ads and influencer marketing.
• Email campaigns for repeat customers.
Example: Nykaa built its brand through beauty tutorials and influencer tie-ups, not just ads.
8. Customer Service Excellence — The City’s Help Desks
Quick, helpful responses turn one-time buyers into loyal fans.
Best practices:
• Offer multiple support channels (chat, email, phone).
• Resolve complaints quickly.
• Personalise follow-ups.
9. Technology and Innovation — The City’s Upgrades
The digital city changes fast — yesterday’s trend is today’s history.
Examples:
• AI-driven product recommendations.
• Augmented reality (AR) try-ons for fashion or furniture.
• Voice search integration.
10. Adaptability to Market Trends — The City’s Flexibility
Consumer behaviour shifts quickly — think of the surge in online grocery orders during the
pandemic.
How to adapt:
• Monitor analytics and feedback.
• Experiment with new categories or services.
• Stay updated on industry trends.
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11. Legal Compliance — The City’s Laws
Every city has rules. In E-Commerce, these include:
• Tax regulations (like GST in India).
• Consumer protection laws.
• Data privacy rules.
Why it matters: Non-compliance can lead to fines, bans, or loss of customer trust.
12. Payment Flexibility — The City’s Cash Counters
Different customers prefer different payment methods.
Popular in India:
• UPI (Google Pay, PhonePe, Paytm)
• Credit/Debit cards
• Net banking
• Cash on Delivery (still important in smaller towns)
13. Building a Brand Identity — The City’s Personality
In a crowded market, your brand is your personality. It’s what makes customers remember
you.
Elements:
• Consistent logo, colours, and tone of voice.
• Storytelling that connects emotionally.
• Social responsibility initiatives.
14. Data-Driven Decision Making — The City’s Control Room
Data is like the city’s weather report — it tells you what’s coming.
Tools:
• Google Analytics.
• CRM systems.
• E-Commerce dashboards.
Use it to:
• Track customer behaviour.
• Identify best-selling products.
• Optimise marketing spend.
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A Story to Tie It Together
Meet Meera, who sells handmade jewellery. She starts an online store but struggles — few
visitors, slow sales. Then she:
• Redesigns her website for mobile users.
• Adds secure payment options.
• Partners with a reliable courier for faster delivery.
• Launches Instagram ads targeting young professionals.
• Introduces a loyalty program for repeat buyers.
Within months, her orders triple. Why? Because she worked on the key influencing factors
— trust, convenience, marketing, and customer experience.
Conclusion
Successful E-Commerce isn’t about luck — it’s about getting the fundamentals right. From a
clear business strategy and user-friendly design to trust, logistics, pricing, and marketing,
each factor is like a brick in the foundation of your digital shop. Neglect one, and the
structure weakens; strengthen them all, and your E-Commerce venture can stand tall in the
bustling digital city.
SECTION-C
5. Write a detailed note on components of website.
Ans: 1. Header – The Shop’s Signboard
The header is the top section of your website — the first thing visitors see. It usually
contains:
• Logo – Your brand’s identity.
• Navigation menu – Links to main sections (Home, About, Products, Contact).
• Search bar – For quick access to specific content.
• Contact info or login/signup buttons.
Why it matters: It sets the tone and tells visitors they’re in the right place. A clear,
uncluttered header makes navigation easy.
Example: Think of walking into a store and immediately seeing the store name, a map of
aisles, and a friendly “How can we help you?” desk.
2. Navigation Menu – The Aisle Map
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The navigation menu is like the map in a shopping mall — it helps visitors find what they
need without getting lost.
Types:
• Horizontal menu at the top.
• Vertical sidebar menu.
• Dropdown menus for subcategories.
Best practices:
• Keep it simple and logical.
• Use clear labels (“Contact Us” instead of “Reach Out”).
• Make it visible on all pages.
3. Banner or Hero Section – The Shop Window Display
This is the large, eye-catching area just below the header, often with:
• A striking image or video.
• A headline.
• A Call-to-Action (CTA) button like “Shop Now” or “Learn More”.
Purpose: To grab attention instantly and guide visitors toward the most important action.
Example: A bakery website might show a mouth-watering cake with “Order Fresh Today” as
the CTA.
4. Main Content Area – The Store Shelves
This is where the real “shopping” happens — the core information or products you want to
present.
For different websites:
• E-Commerce: Product listings, descriptions, prices.
• Corporate: Company info, services, case studies.
• Blog: Articles, images, videos.
Tips:
• Keep content relevant and easy to read.
• Use headings, bullet points, and visuals to break up text.
5. Sidebar – The Helpful Assistant
A sidebar is a narrow column (left or right) with extra information or tools:
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• Quick links.
• Recent posts.
• Filters for products.
• Ads or promotions.
Why it’s useful: It offers shortcuts without distracting from the main content.
6. Call-to-Action (CTA) Buttons – The Checkout Counter
CTAs are prompts that tell visitors what to do next:
• “Buy Now”
• “Sign Up”
• “Download Free Guide”
Good CTAs are:
• Clear and action-oriented.
• Visually distinct (bright colours, bold text).
• Placed strategically throughout the site.
7. Footer – The Shop’s Back Wall
The footer is at the bottom of every page — like the back wall of a store where you might
find important notices.
Common elements:
• Contact details.
• Social media links.
• Privacy policy and terms.
• Sitemap.
• Newsletter signup.
Why it matters: It’s the last thing visitors see — a good place for essential info and
trust-building links.
8. Forms – The Customer Feedback Desk
Forms collect information from visitors:
• Contact forms.
• Order forms.
• Newsletter subscriptions.
• Feedback surveys.
Tips:
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• Keep them short — only ask for what’s necessary.
• Make them mobile-friendly.
9. Blog Section – The Story Corner
A blog adds fresh content regularly:
• Articles, tips, news, tutorials.
• Improves SEO (search engine ranking).
• Builds authority and trust.
Example: A travel agency blog with “Top 10 Summer Destinations” keeps visitors engaged
and coming back.
10. Images and Multimedia – The Product Samples
Visuals make a website lively:
• Product photos.
• Infographics.
• Videos.
• Slideshows.
Best practices:
• Use high-quality, relevant images.
• Optimise for fast loading.
11. Search Function – The Store’s Help Desk
A search bar lets visitors quickly find what they’re looking for.
Why it’s important:
• Saves time for the user.
• Especially vital for large sites with many pages or products.
12. Responsive Design – The Flexible Layout
Your website should look and work well on:
• Desktops.
• Tablets.
• Smartphones.
Why: Most users now browse on mobile devices. A responsive design adapts to any screen
size.
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13. Web Hosting and Domain – The Land and Address
• Domain name: Your website’s address (e.g., www.myshop.com).
• Web hosting: The “land” where your website files live.
Tip: Choose a reliable host for fast loading and minimal downtime.
14. Security Features – The Locks and Alarms
• SSL certificate (HTTPS) for secure data transfer.
• Regular backups.
• Protection against malware.
Why: Security builds trust and protects both you and your visitors.
15. Analytics – The Sales Report
Tools like Google Analytics track:
• Visitor numbers.
• Pages viewed.
• Time spent.
• Conversions.
Purpose: To understand what’s working and where to improve.
A Story to Tie It Together
Imagine Meera, who runs a small organic skincare brand. When she first built her website,
she only had a homepage and a contact number. Visitors came, looked around, and left —
confused.
Then she rebuilt it with:
• A clear header and navigation.
• Beautiful product photos in the hero section.
• Detailed product pages with CTAs.
• A blog sharing skincare tips.
• A secure checkout and multiple payment options.
• A footer with policies and social links.
Her sales doubled in three months. Why? Because every component worked together to
guide visitors smoothly from “Hello” to “Thank you for your order.”
Conclusion
A website isn’t just a random collection of pages — it’s a carefully designed space where
every component has a job:
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• Header and navigation welcome and guide.
• Content and visuals inform and engage.
• CTAs and forms convert visitors into customers.
• Footer and security build trust.
• Responsive design and hosting ensure smooth access.
• Analytics help you grow.
When all these parts work in harmony, your website becomes more than a digital address —
it becomes a living, breathing extension of your brand.
6. Discuss the detail the Models of Internet Advertising.
Ans: Models of Internet Advertising – Explained Like a Journey
Imagine you have opened a small bakery in your town. Your cupcakes are delicious, your
pastries melt in the mouth, and your cookies are the talk of the street. But there’s a
problem—only people passing by your shop know about it. How do you tell the whole town,
or even the whole country, that your bakery exists?
In the past, you might have printed flyers, bought a newspaper ad, or rented a billboard. But
today, the internet has become the biggest marketplace where everyone—from your
neighbor to someone sitting thousands of miles away—can discover your bakery. And how
does this happen? Through internet advertising.
Now, internet advertising isn’t a single straight road. It has different models, like different
routes leading customers to your shop. Each model works in its own way, with its own rules
and benefits. Let’s take a fun walk through these models, one by one, and understand them
with simple examples.
1. Display Advertising (The Billboard of the Internet)
Think of the big posters you see on highways. They are not talking to you personally, but
they catch your eye while you pass by. On the internet, display ads work exactly like that.
These are banner ads, side ads, or pop-ups you see while scrolling through a website. For
example, you’re reading cricket news online, and suddenly a rectangular ad shows up at the
top: “Get 20% off on Domino’s Pizza today!” That’s display advertising.
• Strength: It’s visually attractive and builds brand awareness.
• Weakness: Many people ignore it (we call it “banner blindness”).
• Use case: Perfect when you want everyone to know your bakery exists, even if they
don’t buy immediately.
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2. Search Engine Marketing (The Signpost Model)
Imagine people in your town are actively asking, “Where can I get fresh cupcakes?”
Wouldn’t you love to appear right there, waving your hand saying, “Here’s my bakery!”
That’s what Search Engine Marketing (SEM) does. When people search for something on
Google—say, “best chocolate cake near me”—paid ads show up at the top before organic
results.
• Strength: It targets people who are already looking for what you sell.
• Weakness: It can be expensive, especially for popular keywords.
• Use case: Great when your bakery wants to capture ready-to-buy customers.
3. Social Media Advertising (The Word-of-Mouth Party)
Imagine you throw a party in your bakery. People are chatting, laughing, sharing pictures,
and suddenly someone says, “Oh, these cupcakes are amazing!” and everyone starts talking
about it.
That’s social media advertising. Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube are like
huge digital parties where people hang out. Businesses join in by placing ads in between
posts, videos, or stories.
• Strength: You can target very specific groups—like “students aged 18–22 in Delhi
who love chocolate.”
• Weakness: People are not always there to shop; they might scroll past.
• Use case: Best for building connections, brand loyalty, and making your bakery
“famous” among certain groups.
4. Email Advertising (The Friendly Letter)
Back in the day, you might have sent letters or pamphlets to your loyal customers. Email
advertising is the modern version of that.
When customers sign up on your bakery’s website for “weekly offers,” you can send them
emails like, “Hi Riya, fresh strawberry cakes are available today—get 10% off!”
• Strength: Personal and direct—it feels like a one-on-one conversation.
• Weakness: If overdone, people might delete or mark as spam.
• Use case: Perfect for customer loyalty and repeat sales.
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5. Affiliate Marketing (The Commission Model)
Imagine a popular food blogger in your city writes a review of your bakery and shares a link
to order online. Every time someone buys through that link, you give the blogger a small
commission.
That’s affiliate marketing. Businesses partner with influencers, bloggers, or other websites
who help sell products in exchange for commission.
• Strength: You pay only when sales happen.
• Weakness: Depends heavily on the affiliate’s reach and honesty.
• Use case: Great when you want to expand your reach without spending heavily
upfront.
6. Cost-per-Click (CPC) Model (Pay Only When Tapped)
Now let’s talk about payment styles. Suppose you put up an ad board in town, but instead
of paying for the board, you pay only when someone actually steps inside your shop.
That’s Cost-per-Click (CPC). In this model, you don’t pay for the ad being shown—you pay
only when someone clicks on it.
• Strength: Every rupee spent brings potential customers.
• Weakness: Clicks don’t always turn into purchases.
• Use case: Best when your goal is to drive people directly to your website.
7. Cost-per-Mille (CPM) (Pay for Eyeballs)
“Mille” means thousand. In this model, you pay for every 1,000 people who see your ad,
whether they click or not.
It’s like paying for 1,000 people to walk past your bakery’s billboard.
• Strength: Builds brand visibility fast.
• Weakness: No guarantee of sales.
• Use case: Great for big launches when you just want maximum exposure.
8. Cost-per-Action (CPA) (Pay for Real Results)
Here’s a smart deal: you tell an advertiser, “I’ll pay you only when someone actually buys a
cupcake from me.”
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That’s CPA. Payment happens only when a specific action—like purchase, signup, or
download—takes place.
• Strength: Super cost-effective.
• Weakness: Harder to get affiliates or platforms to agree, since risk is high.
• Use case: Best for online stores that want measurable results.
9. Video Advertising (The Mini-Movie Ad)
Imagine a short, catchy video about how your cupcakes are baked fresh every morning. You
upload it on YouTube, and before someone watches a recipe video, your ad plays: “Hungry?
Try Rishabh’s Bakery today!”
That’s video advertising. It’s one of the fastest-growing models because people love
watching videos more than reading text.
• Strength: Engaging and emotional.
• Weakness: Can be costly to produce good-quality videos.
• Use case: Best for storytelling and connecting deeply with customers.
10. Native Advertising (The Hidden Ad)
This is a clever one. Imagine a food article titled “Top 5 Bakeries You Must Visit in Delhi” and
your bakery is featured in it. Readers don’t feel like they are watching an ad—it blends
naturally with the content.
That’s native advertising. Ads designed to match the platform’s style so they don’t interrupt
the user’s experience.
• Strength: Less irritating, more trustworthy.
• Weakness: People may not realize it’s an ad.
• Use case: Great for content marketing and building subtle brand trust.
Bringing It All Together
If you notice, each model of internet advertising is like a different tool in a toolbox. You
don’t use a hammer for everything—you choose the right tool for the job. Similarly:
• Want visibility? Go for display or CPM.
• Want ready-to-buy customers? Try SEM or CPC.
• Want trust and relationships? Use email, social media, or native ads.
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• Want risk-free promotion? Pick CPA or affiliate marketing.
• Want to entertain and engage? Go for video ads.
Conclusion
So, internet advertising is not just about showing ads randomly. It’s about choosing the right
model for the right purpose. It’s like running your bakery—you wouldn’t serve only one type
of pastry, right? You’d offer cupcakes, croissants, muffins, and cookies because different
customers love different things.
In the same way, businesses use multiple internet advertising models to reach, attract, and
convert different types of audiences. And that’s why internet advertising today is not just a
trend—it’s the backbone of modern marketing.
SECTION-D
7. What do you mean by Biometrics? Explain its types.
Ans: Biometrics and Its Types – Explained Like a Story
Imagine you’re standing in front of a high-security door. It’s not like an ordinary lock-and-
key system. Here, the door doesn’t ask for a key or a password. Instead, it looks straight at
you and says, “Who are you?”
Now, you can’t just reply with your name, because names can be faked. You can’t even tell
it a password, because passwords can be stolen. This door is smart—it only opens when it
recognizes you. Maybe it scans your face, your fingerprint, or even the way you talk. This
magical system that identifies people based on their unique human traits is what we call
biometrics.
So, in the simplest way: Biometrics means using a person’s unique physical or behavioral
characteristics to identify them.
But let’s not stop here. Let’s take a little journey into understanding this fascinating world of
biometrics in a way that’s as interesting as watching a story unfold.
What Does “Biometrics” Really Mean?
The word “biometrics” is made of two parts:
• Bio = life (something related to living beings)
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• Metrics = measurement
So, biometrics is literally the measurement of living traits. These traits could be how you
look (like your face, eyes, or fingerprints) or how you behave (like how you sign your name,
walk, or even speak).
Unlike passwords or ID cards, which can be forgotten, stolen, or duplicated, your biometric
traits are naturally yours. Nobody else in the world has the exact same fingerprints or the
same pattern of iris in their eyes. That’s why biometrics is becoming such a powerful way to
identify people in today’s digital world.
Why Do We Even Need Biometrics?
Before diving into the types, let’s quickly ask—why has the world shifted towards biometrics
so strongly?
Think about it:
• Passwords can be hacked.
• ATM cards can be stolen.
• Signatures can be forged.
But your fingerprint or iris pattern? Those are almost impossible to fake. Biometrics brings
security, convenience, and accuracy all together. That’s why from unlocking smartphones to
controlling airport immigration, biometrics is everywhere.
The Two Worlds of Biometrics: Physical and Behavioral
Biometrics can be broadly divided into two categories:
1. Physiological Biometrics – based on the physical features of your body.
2. Behavioral Biometrics – based on how you act or behave.
Let’s open each category like chapters of a book.
1. Physiological Biometrics (Body-based traits)
These are the unique biological traits of your body that don’t usually change throughout
your life.
a) Fingerprint Recognition
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This is probably the most common form of biometrics. Each person has tiny ridges and
patterns on their fingertips, and no two people in the world share the same fingerprint.
That’s why police use them to catch criminals, and we use them to unlock our phones.
b) Facial Recognition
Your face is like a map—distance between your eyes, the shape of your nose, the curve of
your jaw. Modern cameras scan these features and create a unique digital code for your
face. Airports, smartphones, and even social media use this today.
c) Iris Recognition
If you look closely in the mirror, the colored circle in your eye (iris) has a beautiful, complex
pattern. This pattern is so unique that even identical twins don’t share the same iris.
Scanning this gives one of the most accurate biometric systems.
d) Retina Scanning
Even deeper than the iris is your retina, filled with tiny blood vessels. Their pattern is like
your body’s private signature. Retina scanning is very secure but less common because it
needs special equipment.
e) Hand Geometry
The size of your fingers, the shape of your palm, and the overall geometry of your hand can
also identify you. While not as unique as fingerprints, it is used in places like factories and
offices for attendance systems.
f) Voice Recognition (Physical side)
Yes, your voice is a physical trait too! The shape of your vocal cords and the way sound
travels through them creates a voiceprint unique to you.
2. Behavioral Biometrics (Action-based traits)
These aren’t about how your body looks but about how you act. Just like everyone has a
unique handwriting style, everyone behaves in certain unique ways.
a) Signature Recognition
Even if two people try to copy each other’s signatures, the speed, pressure, and style of
writing will differ. Signature recognition systems capture these details digitally.
b) Keystroke Dynamics
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The way you type on a keyboard—how long you hold a key, how fast you move from one
key to another—forms a pattern that can identify you.
c) Gait Recognition
This one is quite fascinating. Did you know the way you walk is almost like a fingerprint? The
length of your stride, the swing of your arms, the tilt of your body—all combine to make
your walk unique. Security systems can now identify people just by their gait.
d) Voice Recognition (Behavioral side)
Earlier we saw the physical voiceprint. But here, the focus is on your speaking style—
intonation, speed, pitch, and rhythm. That’s why AI assistants like Alexa or Siri can recognize
who’s speaking.
Where Do We See Biometrics in Daily Life?
• Smartphones: Unlocking with fingerprints or facial recognition.
• Banking: Thumb impressions in rural banks or biometric ATMs.
• Airports: Biometric passports, iris scanning for immigration.
• Workplaces: Attendance through fingerprint or facial scan.
• Government IDs: Aadhaar in India uses fingerprints and iris scans.
Advantages of Biometrics
1. High Security – Hard to forge or steal.
2. Convenience – No need to remember passwords or carry cards.
3. Accuracy – Unique to each person.
4. Speed – Quick verification compared to traditional methods.
5. Wide Applications – From personal devices to national security.
Challenges of Biometrics
Of course, no system is perfect. Biometrics too has challenges:
• Privacy Concerns: What if biometric data is stolen? Unlike passwords, you can’t
change your fingerprint.
• Cost: High-end scanners (like iris or retina) are expensive.
• Errors: Sometimes systems may fail—like not recognizing a wet fingerprint.
• Health or Age Effects: Fingerprints can fade with age or hard labor; voices may
change with illness.
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Conclusion
So, if we go back to our story of the high-security door—it opens not because of a key or
password, but because it truly knows you. That’s the power of biometrics: it’s personal,
unique, and deeply connected to who you are.
In short: Biometrics is the science of identifying people using their body and behavior. It
has two major types: physiological (like fingerprint, iris, face) and behavioral (like gait,
signature, voice). While it brings amazing security and ease, it also comes with privacy
challenges.
The world is moving fast into a future where biometrics will be everywhere—from how we
open our phones to how nations secure their borders. And the beauty is, it’s not just
technology—it’s technology built upon the uniqueness of human beings themselves.
8. Discuss in detail the Regulatory framework of E-commerce.
Ans: 1. Why a Regulatory Framework is Needed
Imagine a physical market without rules:
• Sellers could sell fake goods.
• Customers could refuse to pay.
• No one would know who is responsible if something goes wrong.
In E-Commerce, the risks are even higher because:
• Transactions happen without face-to-face contact.
• Goods and money move across cities and countries.
• Sensitive data (like card numbers) is exchanged online.
So, the regulatory framework ensures:
• Trust between buyers and sellers.
• Fair play in competition.
• Protection of consumer rights.
• Security of data and payments.
2. Key Pillars of India’s E-Commerce Regulatory Framework
India doesn’t have one single “E-Commerce Act.” Instead, several laws and guidelines work
together like different departments in a city’s administration.
a) Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act)
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This is the backbone of India’s digital law.
What it covers:
• Legal recognition of electronic records and digital signatures.
• Rules for electronic contracts (click-wrap, email agreements).
• Cybercrime provisions — hacking, identity theft, phishing.
• Data protection obligations for companies.
Why it matters: It makes online transactions legally valid and punishable if misused.
b) Consumer Protection Act, 2019 & E-Commerce Rules, 2020
The updated Consumer Protection Act brought specific rules for E-Commerce.
Key points:
• Sellers must display accurate product descriptions, prices, and refund policies.
• No misleading advertisements.
• Mandatory grievance redressal mechanism.
• Ban on unfair trade practices like fake reviews.
Why it matters: It gives online shoppers the same rights as offline buyers — and sometimes
more.
c) FDI Policy for E-Commerce
Issued by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).
Key points:
• Defines Marketplace Model (platforms like Amazon, Flipkart) vs Inventory Model
(direct selling).
• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) allowed in marketplace model, but not in inventory
model.
• Restrictions on exclusive deals and deep discounting.
Why it matters: It ensures fair competition and prevents monopolistic practices.
d) Goods and Services Tax (GST) Laws
E-Commerce operators must:
• Collect and remit GST on sales.
• File regular returns.
• Deduct Tax Collected at Source (TCS) for certain transactions.
Why it matters: It brings uniform taxation and prevents revenue leakage.
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e) Intellectual Property Laws
• Copyright Act, 1957 — protects original content like product photos, descriptions.
• Trade Marks Act, 1999 — protects brand names and logos.
• Patents Act, 1970 — protects inventions.
Why it matters: Prevents sale of counterfeit goods and protects brand identity.
f) Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007
Regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
Key points:
• Governs payment gateways, wallets, and UPI systems.
• Ensures secure, authorised transactions.
g) Data Protection and Privacy
Currently covered under:
• IT Act’s “Reasonable Security Practices” rules.
• Sectoral guidelines (like RBI’s for payment data).
• India’s upcoming Digital Personal Data Protection Act will strengthen this.
Why it matters: Protects sensitive customer information from misuse.
h) Competition Act, 2002
Regulated by the Competition Commission of India (CCI).
Key points:
• Prevents abuse of dominant position.
• Prohibits anti-competitive agreements.
i) Other Relevant Guidelines
• Legal Metrology Act, 2009 — governs product labelling and weights.
• Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI) — self-regulation for truthful ads.
• Intermediary Guidelines, 2021 — obligations for platforms hosting third-party
sellers.
3. How These Laws Work Together
Think of it like a city:
• IT Act is the city’s constitution for digital life.
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• Consumer Protection Rules are the consumer courts and police.
• FDI Policy is the trade department.
• GST Laws are the tax office.
• IP Laws are the anti-counterfeit squad.
• Payment Laws are the banking regulators.
• Data Protection is the privacy department.
• Competition Law is the anti-monopoly watchdog.
Each has its own role, but they coordinate to keep the E-Commerce ecosystem fair and safe.
4. Challenges in Regulation
Even with strong laws, E-Commerce faces unique challenges:
• Cross-border transactions: Which country’s law applies?
• Rapid tech changes: Laws often lag behind innovations like AI-driven
recommendations or crypto payments.
• Enforcement: Policing millions of small sellers is tough.
• Balancing growth and regulation: Too many rules can stifle startups; too few can
harm consumers.
5. A Story to Bring It Alive
Meet Ravi, who sells handmade carpets from Jaipur. He lists them on an online
marketplace. Here’s how the regulatory framework touches his business:
• IT Act: His online sales contracts are legally valid.
• Consumer Protection Rules: He must show accurate photos and offer a clear return
policy.
• GST Laws: He charges GST and files returns.
• IP Laws: He registers his brand name to prevent copycats.
• Payment Laws: His payments go through an RBI-approved gateway.
• Data Protection: He keeps customer addresses secure.
• FDI Policy: The marketplace he uses follows the rules for foreign investment.
Because these rules exist, Ravi’s buyers — whether in Delhi or London — feel safe ordering
from him. And Ravi feels protected from fraud and unfair competition.
6. Why This Framework Matters
For Consumers:
• Builds trust in online shopping.
• Protects against fraud and poor-quality goods.
• Ensures grievance redressal.
For Businesses:
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• Provides clear rules of the game.
• Protects intellectual property.
• Encourages fair competition.
For The Economy:
• Boosts digital trade.
• Attracts foreign investment.
• Increases tax compliance.
Conclusion
The Regulatory Framework of E-Commerce in India is like the invisible scaffolding that holds
up the booming digital marketplace. It’s not one law, but a network of laws — from the IT
Act to Consumer Protection Rules, from GST to IP laws — all working together to ensure
that buying and selling online is safe, fair, and beneficial for everyone.
In this fast-changing digital city, the framework will keep evolving — adding new “roads” for
emerging technologies, new “traffic rules” for fair play, and stronger “security gates” for
privacy and trust. And just like in any well-run city, when the rules are clear and fair, both
shopkeepers and shoppers can thrive.
“This paper has been carefully prepared for educational purposes. If you notice any mistakes or
have suggestions, feel free to share your feedback.”
